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Periodontal Disease and Gum Health: What You Need to Know
Periodontal disease, also known as periodontitis or gum disease, refers to an inflammatory condition that affects the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, including the gums and jawbone. In its most advanced stages, it can lead to the destruction of these structures.
This disease typically begins as gingivitis, which is an infection caused by bacteria in the gums. Plaque buildup on teeth releases toxins that irritate the gums, causing inflammation. If this infection progresses and enters the pockets between the teeth, it becomes harder to remove and treat. As the disease advances, it can destroy the connective tissue and bone supporting the teeth, leading to tooth mobility, misalignment, and, ultimately, tooth loss.
Periodontal disease is the primary cause of tooth loss in adults and requires immediate attention to prevent further damage and complications.
Types of Periodontal Disease
If left untreated, gingivitis (a mild form of gum inflammation) can progress below the gum line, leading to more severe issues. The toxins from plaque irritate the gums, triggering a chronic inflammatory response that causes the body to break down its own bone and soft tissue. In many cases, there are no noticeable symptoms as periodontal disease causes the teeth to separate from the infected gum tissue, deepening the pockets between the gums and teeth. This deepening is a clear sign that the soft tissue and bone supporting the teeth are being destroyed.
Here are some common types of periodontal disease:
- Chronic Periodontitis: This is the most common form of periodontal disease, characterized by inflammation in the supporting tissues, leading to deep pockets and gum recession. It may appear as though the teeth are lengthening, but this is due to the gums receding. The condition progresses gradually with occasional periods of rapid progression.
- Aggressive Periodontitis: This type occurs in otherwise healthy individuals and is marked by rapid loss of gum attachment, chronic bone destruction, and a genetic tendency in families.
- Necrotizing Periodontitis: Often seen in individuals with systemic conditions such as HIV, immunosuppression, or malnutrition, this form of gum disease causes tissue death in the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and gingival tissues.
- Periodontitis Caused by Systemic Disease: This type of periodontal disease typically begins at a young age and is linked to medical conditions like respiratory disease, diabetes, and heart disease, which often act as cofactors in the disease's development.
Treatment for Periodontal Disease
There are a variety of surgical and nonsurgical treatments that a periodontist may recommend based on the specific condition of your teeth, gums, and jawbone. Before any treatment is performed, a comprehensive periodontal exam will be conducted to determine the most appropriate course of action.
Here are some of the common treatments for periodontal disease:
- Scaling and Root Planing: This nonsurgical procedure involves removing bacteria and tartar (calculus) from the teeth and gum pockets to help preserve the health of the gum tissue. Antibiotics may be applied, and prescription mouthwashes can be recommended to support the healing process and alleviate infection.
- Tissue Regeneration: When bone and gum tissues are damaged, tissue regeneration can be promoted using grafting techniques. A membrane may be placed in the affected areas to support the healing and regeneration of these tissues.
- Pocket Elimination Surgery: Also known as flap surgery, this procedure aims to reduce the size of the gum pockets between the teeth and gums. In some cases, surgery on the jawbone may be performed to smooth indentations that encourage bacterial growth.
- Dental Implants: If teeth have been lost due to periodontal disease, dental implants can restore the functionality and appearance of the mouth. Tissue regeneration procedures may be necessary before implant placement to strengthen the bone and ensure a secure fit.
If you have questions or concerns regarding periodontal disease, treatment options, or dental implants, please do not hesitate to contact our office.